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\centerline {\Large \bf PROJECT SUMMARY }
\bigskip
\centerline {\large \bf High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz (HEAT)
  telescopes for Dome~A and Ridge~A}

\vspace{0.35cm}

Based on the results of an NSF-funded design study in 2006 and the
successful deployment of a 
full prototype to Antarctica in 2007, we propose to develop and deploy two
automated, 0.6-meter THz observatories for remote operation at the
summit of the Antarctic plateau with the dual purpose of site testing
and performing leading-edge terahertz astronomy. 
These High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz ({\tt HEAT}) telescopes will
operate from 158 to 372~$\mu$m, and observe the brightest and most
diagnostic spectral lines from the Galaxy.  The {\tt HEAT} heterodyne instrument 
packages will utilize established mixer, local oscillator, amplifier,
cryogenic, and digital signal processing technologies.  In December 2010, 
the first telescope will be deployed to replace {\tt
Pre-HEAT}, the NSF-funded prototype 450~$\mu$m tipper \& spectrometer that was
successfully deployed to Dome~A in 2007-8 with the University of New
South Wales' PLATeau Observatory ({\tt PLATO}).  The second telescope 
will deploy one year later to Ridge~A, a promising site 
150~km from Dome~A.  Together, they
will operate autonomously for over a year at a time, with commands 
and data being transfered to and from the experiment via satellite
daily.  At both sites, {\tt HEAT} will see good atmospheric
transmission at 200$^+\mu$m during 
much of the winter, and usable transmission in the pivotal 160~$\mu$m
window for $>$10\% of the winter.  The Ridge~A site is undeveloped
but may actually be the driest, calmest and clearest point on the summit; 
the HEAT telescope will test this
hypothesis while obtaining important astronomical spectra.


\section*{What is the intellectual merit of the proposed activity?}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
The {\tt HEAT} telescopes 
will forge entirely new capabilities for ground based infrared
and submillimeter astronomy which otherwise would be 
unachievable except via expensive airborne or space-based
platforms.  {\tt HEAT} and {\tt PLATO} 
represent a new generation of polar instrumentation that permits the excellent 
conditions available from remote sites like Dome~A to be harnessed
without the costs and hazards associated with manned operations. 
The unparalleled stability, exceptional dryness, low wind
and extreme cold make Dome~A and Ridge~A ground-based sites without equal for
astronomy at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths.  {\tt HEAT} will
operate in the 
atmospheric windows between 158 and 370~$\mu$m, in which the most crucial
astrophysical spectral diagnostics of the formation of galaxies,
stars, planets, and life are found.  {\tt HEAT} will answer timely and 
fundamental questions about the evolution
of the interstellar medium and star formation.  In particular, 
through large-scale Galactic surveys, 
the measurement and {\bf impact of the Galactic
environment} on the {\bf life cycles of interstellar clouds} and their
{\bf relation to star formation} will finally be realized. 
The receiver system itself serves as a flexible 
testbed for heterodyne Terahertz components.  Future upgrades of 
mixer, local oscillator, low-noise amplifier, cryogenic, and digital 
signal processing technologies are planned and will play essential roles in
future Terahertz observatories. 
This pioneering mission will pave the way for future astronomical
investigations from the high plateau.

\section*{What are the broader impacts of the proposed activity?}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
{\tt HEAT}'s key project is to map with great sensitivity and precision, 
portions of the Southern Galactic Plane in the
spectral light of the dominant coolants of the interstellar medium.
Definitive and comprehensive science 
products from the survey and its many synergistic 
collaborations will be made available to the astronomical 
community via the Web in a timely manner.  These survey products
will enhance the value of numerous contemporary surveys. 
Beneficiaries include the GLIMPSE and ``C2D'' Legacy
programs from the Spitzer Space Telescope, the most recent HI and CO
surveys of the Galactic Plane, and the 2MASS infrared sky survey.  
The wide-field terahertz surveys that the HEAT telescopes provide
will place more focused Herschel and SOFIA observations in a broader,
richer context.  The proposed terahertz observations also complement
the survey to be performed by the Stratospheric Terahertz Observatory.
  Thus, {\tt HEAT} will serve both as a scientific and
technological pathfinder for 
contemporary and future suborbital and space-based missions. 
Finally, the design and fabrication of {\tt HEAT} will be an interdisciplinary
team effort involving students from astronomy, optical
sciences, and electrical engineering.  Astronomical instrumentation is
becoming ever more complex, requiring the talents of many individuals
to bring them to fruition.  Providing students with both technical 
training and team-work experience increases their probability of 
of success not only within astronomy, but society as a whole. 

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